The circular economy is a systems-level alternative to the linear "take-make-dispose" model. Products are designed for durability, repairability and recovery; materials cycle back into the economy at end of life rather than landfill.
In practice this looks like refill programs, modular electronics, deposit-return schemes, fashion resale and take-back programs, and packaging designed for recycling streams that actually exist locally. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation is the leading research and advocacy body in this space.
Cradle to Cradle certification operationalizes circular-economy principles at the product level.